Irreversible thermodynamic and viscoelastic model for power-law relaxation and attenuation of rocks     

Yusuke Kawada  Hiroyuki Nagahama  Hiroaki Hara 《Tectonophysics》2006,427(1-4):255

A constitutive law for viscoelastic behaviour of rocks is derived from irreversible thermodynamics. To this model, two specific parameters are introduced; one is an internal state variable which is a variable concerning the microstructures such as defects in crystals or microcracks, and the other is a temperature reduced time obtained by normalizing the various temperature behaviours. A large number of internal state variables have the respective relaxation times and show the respective time evolutions, while a set of the time evolutions generates temporal power-law behaviour of rocks. The time evolutions of internal states are regarded as dynamics of elements of the generalized Maxwell model, and the stress–strain relation is represented by a response function following a temporal power-law in terms of linear system theory. This relation is inversely formulated to investigate the source field from output data. This model enables us to explain experimentally-based constitutive laws for transient and steady-state behaviour of rocks (e.g., lherzolite) following a temporal power-law and for attenuation behaviour of polycrystals (e.g., olivine) represented by a relation between the quality factor and frequency. Both laws show power-laws on deformation time or frequency depending on the fractal structure in polycrystals or rocks, and the experimental high-temperature behaviours can be extrapolated to long deformation time or high frequency behaviour.  相似文献   

Vertical distribution of stable isotopic composition in atmospheric water vapor and subsurface water in grassland and forest sites, eastern Mongolia     

Maki Tsujimura  Lisa Sasaki  Atsuko Sugimoto  Dai Matsushima  Mijiddorj Saandar 《Journal of Hydrology》2007,333(1):35-46

  相似文献   

Viscosity measurements of subliquidus magmas: Alkali olivine basalt from the Higashi-Matsuura district, Southwest Japan   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Hidemi Ishibashi  Hiroaki Sato 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,160(3-4):223-238

We carried out viscosity measurements and sampling of a crystal suspension derived from alkali olivine basalt from the Matsuura district, SW Japan, at subliquidus temperatures from 1230 °C to 1140 °C under 1 atm with NNO oxygen buffered conditions. Viscosity increased from 31 to 1235 Pa s with a decrease in temperature from 1230 to 1140 °C. On cooling, olivine first appeared at 1210 °C, followed by plagioclase at 1170 °C. The crystal content of the sample attained 31 vol.% at 1140 °C (plagioclase 22%, olivine 9%). Non-Newtonian behaviors, including thixotropy and shear thinning, were pronounced in the presence of tabular plagioclase crystals. The cause of such behavior is discussed in relation to shear-induced changes in melt–crystal textures. Relative viscosities, η_r (= η_s / η_m, where η_s and η_m are the viscosities of the suspension and the melt, respectively), were obtained by calculating melt viscosities from the melt composition and temperature at 1 atm using the equation proposed by Giordano and Dingwell [Giordano, D., Dingwell, D.B., 2003. Non-Arrhenian multicomponent melt viscosity: a model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 208, 337–349.]. The obtained relative viscosities are generally consistent with the Einstein–Roscoe relation, which represents η_r for suspensions that contain equant and equigranular crystals, even though the crystal suspension analyzed in the present experiments contained tabular plagioclase and granular olivine of various grain sizes. This consistency is attributed to the fact that the effect of crystal shape was counterbalanced by the effect of the dispersion of crystal size. The applicability of the Einstein–Roscoe equation with respect to crystal shape is discussed on the basis of the present experimental results. Our experiments and those of Sato [Sato, H., 2005. Viscosity measurement of subliquidus magmas: 1707 basalt of Fuji volcano. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 100, 133–142.] show that the relationship between relative viscosity and crystal fraction is consistent with the Einstein–Roscoe relationship for axial ratios that are smaller than the critical value of 4–6.5, but discrepancies occur for higher ratios.  相似文献   

Geochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Sambe Hot Springs,Shimane Prefecture,Japan     

Keiko Sasaki  Yoshitaka Uejima  Atsushi Sakamoto  Qianqian Yu  Junichiro Ishibashi  Naoko Okibe  Tsuyoshi Hirajima 《Resource Geology》2013,63(2):155-165

Microbiological contribution to the formation of the manganese deposits in Sambe hot springs, Shimane, was investigated in combination with water chemistry, characterization of sediments and microbial community structure. Analysis of bacterial and fungal community structure based on DNA extracted from a Mn‐oxidizing enrichment culture indicated close matches with Pseudomonas putida, Phoma sp. and Plectosphaerella cucumerina, all Mn‐oxidizing microorganisms. These sediments were poorly crystalline and formed at neutral pH values, which is characteristic of biogenic precipitates. The EPMA results demonstrated a positive correlation between Mn and Ba contents in well‐crystalline Mn oxide grains. Substantial Ba contents were observed inside Mn oxide grains. These findings indicated that Ba contents in sediments are influenced by not only aqueous Ba²⁺ concentrations but also crystallinity of biogenic birnessite. Barium would be incorporated in birnessite during biomineralization.  相似文献   

Ground Water Contamination of Arsenic in Ganges Plain     

Hiroaki Ishiga  Kaori Dozen  Md. Badrul Islam  Md. Hamidur Rahman  Md. Abdus Sattar  Chikako Yamazaki  Ahmed Faruque 《Gondwana Research》2001,4(4):636

  相似文献   

Light utilization efficiency of phytoplankton in the Western Subarctic Gyre of the North Pacific during summer     

Yuichi Nosaka  Tomonori Isada  Isao Kudo  Hiroaki Saito  Hiroshi Hattori  Atsushi Tsuda  Koji Suzuki 《Journal of Oceanography》2014,70(1):91-103

We investigated the water-column light utilization efficiency (Ψ) of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Western Subarctic Gyre (WSG) of the North Pacific during summer 2008. The Ψ values (0.64–1.86 g C [g Chl a]^?1 [mol photon]^?1 m²) obtained were observed to increase significantly with decreasing daily photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) and were generally higher than those of previous studies, not only from the subarctic Pacific but also from the world’s oceans. To examine the effect of iron availability on Ψ in the WSG, Ψ values were estimated from the data of two in situ iron fertilization experiments: the Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study I (SEEDS-I) and II (SEEDS-II). We found that iron availability did not affect Ψ values. Overall, this study revealed that Ψ values changed remarkably in the WSG during the summer, and that higher values were found at the stations where moderate PAR levels (ca. 10–30 mol photons m^?2 day^?1) were observed and where autotrophic flagellates predominated in the phytoplankton assemblages.  相似文献   

Characterization of Magnetically Zoned Pluton, Tsushima, Japan     

Nobutaka SHIMADA  Youichi OHYAMA  Hiroaki IKEMI 《Resource Geology》2000,50(1):65-73

Abstract: Systematic measurements of magnetic susceptibility were carried out at the outcrops of the Uchiyama granitic pluton, Tsushima Islands. The pluton consists of hornblende-biotite granodiorite and biotite granite. It intrudes concordantly along an anticline axis of the Taishu Group in middle Miocene (16. 10. 5 Ma), and crops out in five areas. The results show that the low magnetic susceptibility facies (LM–facies, <100A-10^-6 emu/g) always occurs in the peripheral part of the pluton, while the high magnetic susceptibility facies (HM–facies, > 250 A 10^-6 emu/g) occupies the core through the medium magnetic susceptibility zone (MM–facies). It is pointed out that the pluton forms a magnetic zoning within a single plutonic body.
Chemical compositions of the granitoids show no conspicuous differences in major elements among the LM–, MM–, and HM–facies. Biotites from the LM–, MM–, and HM-facies also indicate uniform compositions with Fe/(Fe+Mg)=0. 6.
The pluton is principally surrounded by black mudstones of the Lower Formation of the Taishu Group, which is deltaic to shallow sea sediments of the Eocene to early Miocene age, and the carbon contents in them were analyzed. The analyses show that carbon was mostly decomposed and lost in the hornfels zone, while mudstones in the non-hornfels zone usually contain 0. 5 to 0. 7 % C.
From these facts, it is concluded that the magnetically zoned pluton at Tsushima was formed by an external volatile buffer system such as CH₄–CO₂ during the solidifying magma process.  相似文献   

Presence of a primary solar-type atmosphere around the earth: evidence of dissolved noble gas     

Sho Sasaki   《Planetary and Space Science》1999,47(12):551-1431

Recent noble gas data of mantle-derived samples show that there are two end members: PLUME-type and MORB-type. The estimated high ³He and ²²Ne abundances of the PLUME source, possibly representing the lower mantle, should reflect the remnant of dissolved solar-type atmosphere. Calculations of the structure of the primary atmosphere and the noble gas dissolution into the magma ocean of the accreting planet suggest that the high ³He and ²²Ne abundances can be explained if the primary atmosphere persisted until M0.4–0.6 M_E (M_E being the present Earth mass). The PLUME source has higher ³He/⁴He and lower ²¹Ne/²²Ne than the MORB source. This is explained by assuming that the lower mantle was less degassed during magma ocean cooling. The carbon abundance in the mantle can be constrained from the estimated abundance of mantle ³He and C/³He data of the present mantle-derived samples. Dissolved solar-type noble gas might explain high noble gas abundance in the present Venus, if the primary atmosphere persisted until the final stage of accretion under lower dust opacity of the atmosphere.  相似文献   

A Massive Coccolithophorid Bloom Observed in Mikawa Bay, Japan     

Masanobu Kai  Tamotsu Hara  Hiroaki Aoyama  Nobuo Kuroda 《Journal of Oceanography》1999,55(3):395-406

In April 1996, a massive algal bloom of the coccolithophorid Gephyrocapsa oceanica developed in both Chita Bay and Atsumi Bay which comprise the bay known as Mikawa Bay of Japan. It was the first record of such a bloom in this area. In Chita Bay, the bloom persisted until the middle of May, however in Atsumi Bay, it remained until early June. From the analysis of salinity, water temperature, and current velocity and direction data, it is considered that the following mechanism accounts for the occurrence and maintenance of the bloom: Before the bloom, the standing crop of phytoplankton was poor, resulting in relatively rich nutrients throughout the bay. Thereafter, with the influx of oceanic water into Mikawa Bay, high salinity occurred firstly in Chita Bay. Under these hydrographic conditions, the bloom occurred first in Chita Bay, and extended throughout the bay with the clockwise circulation of water into Atsumi Bay. In Chita Bay, the bloom was influenced by rainfall and G. oceanica flowed out from this area. Whereas, in Atsumi Bay, the bloom persisted for longer due to the clockwise circulation and another influx of oceanic water.  相似文献   

基于GPS观测研究中国东北地区现今地壳形变特征     

于吉鹏  孟国杰  苏小宁  Nikolay Shestakov  Mikhail Gerasimenko  Hiroaki Takahashi  Mako Ohzono  刘泰  李承涛 《地震》2019,39(3):11-27

基于中国东北和俄罗斯远东东南部2012—2017年的GPS观测数据, 利用包含年周期、 半年周期、 线性项和阶跃项的函数模型拟合GPS站坐标时间序列, 得到ITRF2014下的速度场, 并进一步转换到欧亚参考框架下得到相对欧亚板块的速度场。 基于多尺度球面小波方法解算应变率场, 并分析了其空间分布特征, 同时研究了各GPS站对2011年日本东北M_W9.0大地震的震后松弛响应特征和背景形变场特征。 结果表明: ① 若不扣除日本东北大地震的松弛效应, 相对欧亚板块中国东北主体上表现为东南方向运动, 在依兰—伊通断裂和嫩江断裂带之间, 地壳表现为逆时针旋转, 其他区域向东南方向运动, 方向一致性较好, 在敦化—密山断裂东侧速度大小明显增加。 敦化—密山断裂和依兰—伊通断裂两侧拉张量分别为3.96±0.04 mm/a和0.71±0.05 mm/a, 两条断裂的剪切运动不明显。 总体上, 面应变率显示出NW—SE向的拉张和NE—SW向的挤压, 面应变率显示出依兰—伊通断裂南端、 嫩江断裂带北端和俄罗斯远东东南部呈挤压状态。 在依兰—伊通断裂、 敦化—密山断裂南侧以及俄罗斯远东东南部最大剪应变率相对较大。 ② 各GPS测站对2011年日本东北M_W9.0大地震震后松弛的响应整体上表现为东南向运动, 松弛形变量随震中距增加而减小。 松弛效应的面应变率总体上表现为NW—SE向的拉张和NE—SW向的挤压, 面应变率显示出依兰—伊通、 敦化—密山断裂南端、 嫩江断裂带北端以及俄罗斯远东地区具有挤压特征, 其他地区表现为拉张特征。 中国与俄罗斯远东边界南端存在一个明显的最大剪应变率高值区。 ③ 扣除日本东北M_W9.0大地震引起的松弛变形后, 总体上面应变率仍然表现为NW—SE向的拉张和NE—SW向的挤压, 面应变率最大值仍然位于依兰—伊通断裂和敦化—密山断裂南端、 第二松花江断裂带以及俄罗斯远东和中国边界最南段。 在依兰—伊通断裂、 敦化—密山断裂南端, 中国与俄罗斯远东边界南端的最大剪应变率高值区仍然存在, 表明这些地区应变积累较快, 并且一直在持续。  相似文献